{"id":40,"date":"2024-04-09T00:03:36","date_gmt":"2024-04-08T17:03:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/?p=40"},"modified":"2024-04-09T00:04:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-08T17:04:26","slug":"dia-vi-xa-hoi-cua-tang-lop-tinh-hoa-khong-bi-thay-doi-trong-vong-300-nam-qua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/dia-vi-xa-hoi-cua-tang-lop-tinh-hoa-khong-bi-thay-doi-trong-vong-300-nam-qua\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u00f2ng 300 n\u0103m qua"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd – v\u0103n h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n – \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u0169 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong v\u00f2ng 300 n\u0103m qua<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, Gregory Clark c\u1ee7a \u0110H California t\u1ea1i Davis v\u00e0 Neil Cummins c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh t\u1ebf London \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1170 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ai mang c\u00e1c h\u1ecd hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u danh s\u00e1ch sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0110H Oxford v\u00e0 \u0110H Cambridge. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 di ch\u00fac, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia ch\u1ec9 ra quy m\u00f4 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u0110H Oxford v\u00e0 \u0110H Cambridge \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1170 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 di ch\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee5c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Gregory Clark v\u00e0 Neil Cummins \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e1o c\u00e1o chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cHuman Nature\u201d.<\/p>\n

Neil Cummins, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh t\u1ebf London: \u201cNh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd – v\u0103n h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n – \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u0169 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong v\u00f2ng 300 n\u0103m qua: c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1700, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. Sau h\u01a1n ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec. T\u1ee9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1170 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 850 n\u0103m! Ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 1% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vua Richard Lionheart [tr\u00e1i tim s\u01b0 t\u1eed] (1157-1199). V\u00e0 trong 1% \u201ctinh b\u00f4ng\u201d n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nhau. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng xa (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 anh em b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eddi), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 ra sao, nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch chi ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1? X\u00e9t theo c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. C\u00e1c \u0110H Oxford v\u00e0 \u0110H Cambridge t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i (cai tr\u1ecb, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb). \u1ede h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Anh qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800. Ai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3? V\u00e2ng, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a \u0110H Oxford v\u00e0 \u0110H Cambridge. \u0110\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i theo ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng (hierarchy) th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb thao t\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft) v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thao t\u00fang m\u1ea1nh.
\nGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u1ea5u th\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb chi ph\u1ed1i, k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb, k\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng, k\u1ebb an ph\u1eadn, k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n k\u00eau ca, k\u1ebb b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn 1% tinh b\u00f4ng Anh qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n

hi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gia qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia T\u00f4n T\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta 500 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cChi\u1ebfn tranh – \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba\u201d. Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Anh c\u00f3 \u00edt t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. B\u00ean kia eo bi\u1ec3n La Manche lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1eabn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 b\u1eaft h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba, th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ef1c – c\u1ee7a d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba, c\u1ee7a d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0o khi h\u00e3y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb n\u00edt v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00fac gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch l\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 1% tinh b\u00f4ng kia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chi ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p – m\u1ecdi d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba – ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n) m\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 sau, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Theo: L\u00ea Giang (\u0111\u0103ng trong csci group<\/a>)<\/p>\n

(*) Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ed1c: Surnames and Social Mobility in England, 1170\u20132012<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd – v\u0103n h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n – \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u0169 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong … \u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u00f2ng 300 n\u0103m qua<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[16],"class_list":["post-40","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-xa-hoi","tag-gioi-tinh-hoa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40\/revisions\/42"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanngocson.com\/libs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}